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What additional layer is often required in highly untrusted Kubernetes clusters?

  1. firewalls

  2. sandboxing

  3. auditing

  4. load balancing

The correct answer is: sandboxing

In highly untrusted Kubernetes clusters, sandboxing becomes an essential additional layer of security. Sandboxing is a technique used to isolate applications and their environments from one another. This is particularly important in environments where there are concerns about potential vulnerabilities or malicious activity that could compromise the integrity of the applications or the underlying infrastructure. By using sandboxing, each application can be run in an isolated environment, reducing the risk that a compromise in one application could lead to a breach of others. This isolation helps in controlling resource access, limiting the communication paths between applications, and applying stricter security policies around what each application can do. In Kubernetes, this can be implemented through the use of techniques such as running containers with restricted privileges, using security contexts to enforce certain policies, and leveraging container runtimes that support sandboxing features. Firewalls, auditing, and load balancing play important roles in securing Kubernetes clusters but do not provide the same level of isolation as sandboxing does. Firewalls help control network traffic, auditing helps monitor and log actions for compliance and debugging purposes, and load balancing aids in distributing traffic efficiently. However, in scenarios involving high levels of untrusted input or interactions, sandboxing becomes critical for ensuring that the execution of applications does not interfere with each other and